Sustainable Power and Energy System Development through Sub-6 GHz DRA Using AI-Based Optimization

Abstract

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a Sub-6 GHz antenna optimized using AI-based techniques for applications in sustainable power and intelligent energy systems. The antenna resonates around 4–4.3 GHz and demonstrates excellent impedance matching, with an S11 value below –25 dB and a low VSWR, ensuring efficient power transfer. The radiation patterns exhibit a stable main lobe with a directivity of approximately 6.7 dBi, supported by a high radiation efficiency of approximately –0.5 dB, making the design suitable for low-power, long-range communication nodes used in smart grid and renewable energy monitoring environments. An AI-driven optimization workflow was employed to refine key geometric parameters and enhance matching and efficiency without extensive manual iterations. This approach reduces design time while improving overall electromagnetic performance. Owing to its efficient characteristics and intelligent optimization strategy, the proposed antenna is a strong candidate for deployment in smart meters, distributed sensors, and intelligent electrical infrastructure requiring reliable Sub-6 GHz wireless communication. The study demonstrates how AI-empowered antenna development can support the evolution of sustainable and energy-efficient power systems.