High-Speed Descent and Low-Speed Ascent: A Novel Gravity–Buoyancy Hybrid System for Sustainable Power Generation

Abstract

Modern renewable power systems often face challenges in achieving continuous output and low cost per kWh. This study introduces a gravity–buoyancy hybrid energy system that leverages hydro-mechanical interactions to provide baseload-capable, self-sustain electricity generation. By combining high-velocity gravitational descent of dense payloads with low-velocity buoyant ascent in a closed-loop architecture, the system achieves continuous mechanical-to-electrical conversion. Unlike perpetual motion fallacies, it adheres to thermodynamic laws, deriving output from gravitational potential replenished via efficient hydrostatic mechanisms. The design emphasises modularity, economic scalability, and environmental compatibility, aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Theoretical analysis shows a net mechanical-to-electrical conversion efficiency approaching 90%, with per-column output of ~0.5 MW. Cost assessment yields ₹0.652/kWh with a payback period of 3.67 years for a 100 MW plant, outperforming conventional renewables in cost and continuity.