A Review of Prioritization Methods for Rural Road Network Planning: From Traditional Approaches to Modern MCDM and GIS-Based Frameworks

Abstract

Rural road networks play a vital role in enabling socio-economic development by improving access to markets, healthcare, education, and other essential services. However, constrained budgets and diverse regional needs make prioritization of road projects imperative to optimize resource allocation and maximize impact. This review paper examines the various prioritization methods applied in rural road network planning, focusing on their conceptual foundations, key evaluation criteria, and methodological approaches. Traditional cost-benefit and ranking techniques are contrasted with modern multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) frameworks, including the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), fuzzy logic methods and geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial tools. The paper further compares these methods in terms of strengths, limitations, data requirements, and applicability, supported by relevant case studies. Current challenges, such as data scarcity, stakeholder engagement and integration of environmental sustainability, are identified, alongside emerging research directions incorporating digital tools and participatory approaches. By systematically reviewing existing literature, this study aims to inform planners and policymakers on effective, transparent and context-appropriate prioritization strategies to enhance rural road infrastructure development.