Baseline Modeling and Comparative Evaluation of Control Strategies for Utility-Tied and Islanded Microgrid with Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Integration

Abstract

As electric vehicle (EV) integration into modern microgrids accelerates, ensuring stable voltage regulation and safe bidirectional power exchange has become increasingly critical. This research introduces a modified Proportional Integral (PI) controller enhanced with feedforward and anti-windup mechanisms for a utility-connected DC microgrid incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)-enabled EVs and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The proposed model is realized in Simulink using an averaged DC microgrid approach to ensure the voltage remains stable, deviates less than ±1%, and limits transient voltage dips to below 1.3 V during islanding. It offers higher precision and stability than Droop and classical PI controls, while avoiding the computational complexity of Model Predictive Control (MPC), thereby establishing the proposed PI scheme as an efficient, reliable, and real-time, scalable solution for next-generation EV-integrated smart microgrids.